2,213 matches
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European Union and the limits of the Europeanization of theEast) Gheorghe CIASCAI Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze and to highlight the political, economic and strategic consequences of the Eastern Partnership of European Union for the former soviet states from Eastern Europe after six years at the start of the Eastern Partnership. Keywords: Eastern Partnership, European Union, Eastern Europe, Russian Federation. Introducere Odată cu încetarea Războiului Rece și cu colapsul blocului comunist răsăritean dominat de Uniunea Sovietică, organizațiile occidentale
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terms of numbers, but loud and very visible, which from the beginning assumed an anticommunist vocation reclaimed either from the historical parties reborn after decades of prohibition, or from younger generations who feel they have not been contaminated by the Soviet ideology 1. Meanwhile, the political opposition that was then born also hâd its challengers, more consistent în terms of numbers, who discovered links with the Legionary Movement, the Hungarian irredentism or the internațional occult, and identified its main goal aș
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aș his views and ideas were considered reactionary by the communist authorities. However, aș he was hailed by the Western critics aș one of the greatest writers of all times, his work could not be ignored anymore, both în the Soviet Union and România. Consequently, after an inițial period of silence, Dostoevsky's writings were reconsidered, but only from a Marxist-Leninist perspective. În România, during the first two decades after the instauration of the communist regime, there were published only few
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the first two decades after the instauration of the communist regime, there were published only few of his novels, and the critical texts which accompanied the novels were crowded with ideological references, many of which being actually translations of the Soviet critics. The year 1956 represented a turning point, with the commemoration of 75 years after the author's death when there were published many of his novels along with numerous exegetical texts. However, towards the end of the '70s, there
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novels along with numerous exegetical texts. However, towards the end of the '70s, there was again a difficult period regarding the publication of Dostoevsky's novels. În some respect, the situation în România was similar with what happened în the Soviet Union: "A Russia (Soviet) scholar looking back from the perspective of 1993 at the history of Dostoevsky's reception în Soviet Russia sums up the trends în Soviet Dostoevsky scholarship aș follows: '[First] Dostoevsky was [seen aș] a writer bound
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exegetical texts. However, towards the end of the '70s, there was again a difficult period regarding the publication of Dostoevsky's novels. În some respect, the situation în România was similar with what happened în the Soviet Union: "A Russia (Soviet) scholar looking back from the perspective of 1993 at the history of Dostoevsky's reception în Soviet Russia sums up the trends în Soviet Dostoevsky scholarship aș follows: '[First] Dostoevsky was [seen aș] a writer bound to the destinies of
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publication of Dostoevsky's novels. În some respect, the situation în România was similar with what happened în the Soviet Union: "A Russia (Soviet) scholar looking back from the perspective of 1993 at the history of Dostoevsky's reception în Soviet Russia sums up the trends în Soviet Dostoevsky scholarship aș follows: '[First] Dostoevsky was [seen aș] a writer bound to the destinies of the Revolution... [then he was seen aș] the creator of the counter-revolutionary Devils and an almost pro-fascist
Polis () [Corola-journal/Science/84976_a_85761]
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respect, the situation în România was similar with what happened în the Soviet Union: "A Russia (Soviet) scholar looking back from the perspective of 1993 at the history of Dostoevsky's reception în Soviet Russia sums up the trends în Soviet Dostoevsky scholarship aș follows: '[First] Dostoevsky was [seen aș] a writer bound to the destinies of the Revolution... [then he was seen aș] the creator of the counter-revolutionary Devils and an almost pro-fascist thinker ... then [came] the period when it
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were Crainic and Ivanov, not incidentally avid promoters of Orthodoxy and religious values, adherents of the theory that the solution to social problems is Orthodox Christianity. Both authors are very critical vis-à-vis socialism, Ivanov, for example, claiming that în the "Soviet Russia, the proletarization came to have the proportions of an inferno" and they are working after Marx6, while Crainic regards Dostoevsky aș a true prophet of the Russian revolution, în the novel The Demons encompasses the essence of the Bolshevik
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most important în the pre-communist era, but în the immediate years after the instauration of the communist regime, the religious perspective either almost disappeared from the exegetical texts or the religious themes were fiercely criticized. Aș it happened în the Soviet Union, în the communist România there were periods of fluctuation în respect to the reception of Dostoevsky's works, the periods of total absence of translations or exegetical texts being followed by intervals with a more relaxed censorship, when most
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hâș to be done compulsory from the positions of Marxist-Leninist paradigm. The argument itself, aș most of the arguments present în these interpretative texts, was the result of the censorship pressure and it is "borrowed" from the texts of the Soviet literary critics. It was one necessary way of legitimating the entire process of publishing and promoting Dostoevsky's literary work. The content analysis and comparative analysis revealed that în these texts there are present some common elements, particular în the
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having themselves an insistent ideological character. The most common elements are analyzed below accompanied by relevant examples from the texts of Marxist literary critics. The central element of such an interpretation, was the Marxist dialectical method used by critics, both Soviet and Romanian, în order to emphasize the so-called "contradictions" present în the work and life of the writer. It is a typical process by which they seek to legitimize approach and reconsideration of Dostoevsky's work în the communist regime
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of such a method and it does not represent the subject of this study, but the method hâș been widely used by officials and Communist ideology în other areas, not only literary but also historical, political, economic, religious, etc. The soviet Critic V. Ermilov, for example, indicates that the main elements of his study, namely, the contradictions of Dostoevsky's work, on the duality which tortured permanently the great Russian novelist being în the impossibility to escape from the torments caused
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solving the social themes through mystification and subjectivism. În this context, the author concludes that the socio-psichological duality it is not metaphysical, the source of evil should not be found în man's soul, because it hâș social causes. Other soviet literary critics B. Riurikov 9, or G. M. Friedlander positioned themselves within the same perspective, which was followed by the Romanian critics aș well. Tamara Gane provides such a dialectical approach presenting the "contrary arguments", "pro and contra" which, în
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due to the "consistent realism of the author" and because în the "conflict between the reactionary ideologue and the realist writer, the victory was won by the latter"15. Another common aspect of Marxist texts both în România and the Soviet Union was the express motivation of the need for a reconsideration of Dostoevsky's work from a Marxist-Leninist perspective, the authors arguing that this is necessary because the readers should thus be able to assimilate the "positive" aspects of his
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more nuanced interpretations, sensible and controversial themes being approach, including the religious ones. This was possible because his works were not regarded aș dangerous anymore by the communist officials, the "fight with Dostoevsky" being characteristic în the '50s. În the Soviet Union, aș în România aș well, the turning point în terms of reception of Dostoevsky's works was immediately after Khrushchev came into power, when the Ministry of Culture în 1955 officially reconsidered the way în which the authors were
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interest that stayed at the base of the creating Eastern Partnership? It was clear for EU states that Russia tried to increase its sphere of influence over Eastern countries which have EU aspirations. All the six Eastern Partnership countries were soviet republics. Kremlin hâș always wanted to control the domestic affairs, foreign and the economy of these former soviet states. Once these countries made public their EU aspirations, Russia didn't lose the chances to puț pressure. One example în this
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Russia tried to increase its sphere of influence over Eastern countries which have EU aspirations. All the six Eastern Partnership countries were soviet republics. Kremlin hâș always wanted to control the domestic affairs, foreign and the economy of these former soviet states. Once these countries made public their EU aspirations, Russia didn't lose the chances to puț pressure. One example în this respect which is a grave one is the Georgian War of August 2008. Because of Western orientation of
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în EaP region. 4. Last variable is social construction which covers the patterns of amity or enmity among the Eastern Partnership countries. EaP countries, on the one hand, don't share any common culture (even if they were members of Soviet Union, their identity and culture remained intact) or regional cooperation and on the other hand, the Eastern Partnership countries have not been affected by long-standing enmities. Inside Eastern Partnership a form of enmity we can notice between Armenia and Azerbaijan
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that the security complex is formed by two countries and a separatist territory, by nobody recognized - Transnistria. Social construction is based more on a historical enmity. The territory of the left bank of the Nistru hâș been part of Ukraine Soviet far into 1940, when the constitution was proclaimed Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic în the USSR. Although Transnistria does not identify with the complex history of ethnic Ukrainians, currently about one third of Transnistrian population declared Ukrainian. However, following the policies
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a separatist territory, by nobody recognized - Transnistria. Social construction is based more on a historical enmity. The territory of the left bank of the Nistru hâș been part of Ukraine Soviet far into 1940, when the constitution was proclaimed Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic în the USSR. Although Transnistria does not identify with the complex history of ethnic Ukrainians, currently about one third of Transnistrian population declared Ukrainian. However, following the policies pursued în the USSR, these are largely russified Ukrainians. The
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to boost the conflict resolution în Transnistria. Until now there is no any achievement în the respect of conflict resolution în Transnistria. Conclusion Aș I have analysed above despite the fact that the EaP countries hâd a common history with Soviet Union, the EaP states vary greatly, both în their features and în their expectations regarding the EU. Eastern Partnership inițiative was very well received by all EU countries aș well aș by countries from EaP region. Eastern Partnership states don
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disproporționat cu altele, cu extensiuni socio-politice, uneori prin vama filmologiei franceze prosovietice din anii '50-'60 (cu mustrări doctrinare, ca în cazul impresionismului, pag. 59), alteori sursa transparentă fiind prea delicios respectată în litera și spiritul ei "1919... 4 martie. Sovietul din Moscova emite "Decretul privind introducerea controlului muncitoresc asupra întreprinderilor cinematografice", primul decret al Puterii Sovietice cu privire la cinematograf, menit să (s.n.) împiedice stagnarea (sic!) activităților și dispersarea bazei materiale (sic!) a cinematografiei". Menit(ă) să e o sintagmă predilectă: "menită
Enciclopedie... și încă ceva by Valerian Sava () [Corola-journal/Journalistic/14937_a_16262]
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din dialectice rațiuni, ele apar pe deplin în textele lui Ion Caraion, publicate, ca și mai multe alte intervenții ferme ale "criziștilor", în Jurnalul de dimineață. Poetul înfățișează cu fior tragic jugularea libertății care a început odată cu ocuparea țării de către soviete. Laitmotivul libertății revine și în alte articole, din motive prea lesne de înțeles. Era un strigăt de alarmă al unei societăți victimizate. Comparativ, să menționăm speculațiile, adesea oțioase, ce s-au emis asupra noțiunii de libertate în mediile democratice, care
O recuperare de conștiință by Gheorghe Grigurcu () [Corola-journal/Journalistic/14430_a_15755]
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istoria frământată pe care o traversează îl va pune în fața unor opțiuni radicale (războiul din Spania și, în general, fascismul tot mai agresiv în diverse spații europene, care îl face să tranșeze, de pildă, între ideologia franchistă și cea a sovietelor staliniste), el va încerca o poziție de natură să împace spiritul său nesupus cu credința într-o lume proiectată, cel puțin în principiu, ca fiind mai dreaptă. Nu va avea intransigența lui Breton, trezit destul de repede la realitate în privința naturii
O biografie a lui Tristan Tzara by Ion Paul Sebastian () [Corola-journal/Journalistic/14556_a_15881]