34,949 matches
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hâș always declared that European integration is his priority. However, Ukrainian president, proved reduced enthusiasm în the European orientation. This fact was obvious în November, 2013 when Yanukovich refused to sign the ĂĂ, including DCFTA. This was a strong reason for civil society and a part of population to protest and express their European aspirations. În fact, this event led to a great instability în Ukraine which represented a serious vulnerability of Ukraine. În the context of this vulnerability, Russia annexed
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Orange Revolution. Belarus being an authoritarian state wasn't agree with the democratic motivations of Ukraine în fear to not escalating în its disfavour: it seems that the Orange Revolution will have some influence on the situation în Belarus, and for several reasons. Firstly, the Ukrainian events of 2004, similarly aș the 2003 Revolution of Roses în Georgia, proved that democratic transformations în the CIS area are possible. Aș a result, Belarus, until recently perceived to be one of the many
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bumpy" în the last years, and was negatively affected by the Georgian War of August 2008. Belarus is one of the most authoritarian states within EaP. Then why EU invited Belarus to join EaP? Paul Ivan - expert within Romanian Centre for European Policies - argued that "în 2008 the regime hâd made some liberalization attempts and the previous policy of isolating Belarus hadn't brought significant results, the EU went along and engaged the regime în Minsk"25. What is sure is
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to the issue of European integration 27. Armenia is located between Azerbaijan and Turkey and it considered aș an isolated country. Its motivation to join EaP was related with escaping from regional isolation and also to benefit from new funds for the modernization of the country. However, Armenian President declared that Armenia will join to Customs Union 28. At the domestic level, Armenia hâș huge problems with political corruption, being the biggest vulnerability. More șo, this phenomenon "permeating all levels of
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militarily dependence on Russia, which over the years hâș assumed control of Armenia's key economic sectors"31. Relationship between Georgia and Armenia are good. However, because of "Georgia's tense relations with Russia, Armenia cannot take the Georgian route for granted, aș was shown during the 2008 Russian-Georgian war, when Armenia was subject to a communications blockade"32. Azerbaijan like Belarus is an authoritarian EaP country and it is not interested în further economic and political integration with EU. Its
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authoritarian EaP country and it is not interested în further economic and political integration with EU. Its motivation to join EaP is related with the improvement of the relations with EU and also with energy issues. On the other hand, for EU it was convenient to have Azerbaijan aș partner because of the energetic stakes: Azerbaijan remains a key energy resource partner for EU. At the domestic level, Azerbaijan does not want to enable democratizing reform. The big vulnerabilities of Azerbaijan
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related with the improvement of the relations with EU and also with energy issues. On the other hand, for EU it was convenient to have Azerbaijan aș partner because of the energetic stakes: Azerbaijan remains a key energy resource partner for EU. At the domestic level, Azerbaijan does not want to enable democratizing reform. The big vulnerabilities of Azerbaijan are the lack of the independence of judicial system and also the high level of corruption which "continues to be the main
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traditionally good relation with a non Eastern Partnership country - Turkey. Lately, the good relation with Turkey hâș somewhat weakened recently, aș "Turkey tried to improve its relations with Armenia, increased co-operation with Russia, and could not agree on transit prices for Azerbaijan's natural resources"35. Georgia accepted to join EaP being interested în the involvement of the EU în conflict resolution în the Caucasus, but also în visa liberalization and the establishments of a free trade with EU. After Roșe
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did. Georgia continues the democratization reforms. However it also hâș vulnerabilities which challenge its internal stability. One of the biggest vulnerability is corruption, "Georgia continues to suffer from corruption at elite levels, and the UNM administration's insularity fostered opportunities for cronyism and insider deals"36. The threat at the address of Georgia is the hostile relation with separatist territories: Abkhazia and South Ossetia. În fact, "Georgia sees Russia aș the main threat to its security and territorial integrity. Moscow hâș
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many interactions with other regions. The only interaction is with EU due to multilateral dimension which aims the multilateral cooperation between the EU and EaP region and between the partner states themselves. However the multilateral cooperation among the partner states for time being is underdeveloped. Regarding the role of global powers în the region, EU, UȘA and Russia hâș involved în the evolution of the Eastern Partnership. EU and UȘA have special development assistance to Eastern Partnership countries awarded annually due
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EU and UȘA have special development assistance to Eastern Partnership countries awarded annually due to different aid programs (e.g. USAID, Europe Aid). On another hand, Russia involves în this region with the intention to decline the European aspirations through pressures. For example, Russia imposed the embargo for Moldovan wines 39 and a large number of Moldovan immigrants have been expelled ouț of Russian territory 40. În case of Ukraine, Russia imposed the embargo for Ukrainian chocolates 41. More șo, Russia created
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assistance to Eastern Partnership countries awarded annually due to different aid programs (e.g. USAID, Europe Aid). On another hand, Russia involves în this region with the intention to decline the European aspirations through pressures. For example, Russia imposed the embargo for Moldovan wines 39 and a large number of Moldovan immigrants have been expelled ouț of Russian territory 40. În case of Ukraine, Russia imposed the embargo for Ukrainian chocolates 41. More șo, Russia created the Customs Union trying to copy
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to decline the European aspirations through pressures. For example, Russia imposed the embargo for Moldovan wines 39 and a large number of Moldovan immigrants have been expelled ouț of Russian territory 40. În case of Ukraine, Russia imposed the embargo for Ukrainian chocolates 41. More șo, Russia created the Customs Union trying to copy the Eastern Partnership project, and through this platform Russian authorities try to convince Eastern Partnership countries to give up at their European aspirations. Until now, Armenian president
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chapter, we can identify if Eastern Partnership is a security complex. 1. Boundary. Indeed the Eastern Partnership countries differentiate from its neighbours by their European aspirations. Theoretically, it should be șo. However, according to the Index of European Integration 43 for Eastern Partnership countries, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Armenia are not frontrunners with EU membership aspirations. More șo, Armenia recently announced that it wants to join a Russia-led Customs Union and Belarus will be for sure member of Custom Union together with
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to the Index of European Integration 43 for Eastern Partnership countries, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Armenia are not frontrunners with EU membership aspirations. More șo, Armenia recently announced that it wants to join a Russia-led Customs Union and Belarus will be for sure member of Custom Union together with Kazakhstan. Șo, which is the difference between Kazakhstan which is not member of Eastern Partnership and Belarus or Armenia? Apparently, no one. Also, the boundary for Eastern Partnership doesn't represent an advantage
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Russia-led Customs Union and Belarus will be for sure member of Custom Union together with Kazakhstan. Șo, which is the difference between Kazakhstan which is not member of Eastern Partnership and Belarus or Armenia? Apparently, no one. Also, the boundary for Eastern Partnership doesn't represent an advantage aș far aș Eastern countries - Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova - are geographically separated by Southern Caucasus countries - Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. I can argue that it is no any boundary that encompasses all EaP
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is reluctant to involve totally în conflict resolution în the region. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Moldova have many expectations from EU în the respect of conflict resolution. That's why it is necessary that EU to develop a conflict resolution strategy for EaP region. Note 1 Irina Kuznecova, Diana Potjomkina, Martins Vargulis, From the Vilnius Summit to Riga Summit: Challenging and Opportunities of the Eastern Partnership, Latvian Institute for Internațional Affairs, 2013 http://www.liia.lv/site/docs/EaP publication.pdf, p.4
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s why it is necessary that EU to develop a conflict resolution strategy for EaP region. Note 1 Irina Kuznecova, Diana Potjomkina, Martins Vargulis, From the Vilnius Summit to Riga Summit: Challenging and Opportunities of the Eastern Partnership, Latvian Institute for Internațional Affairs, 2013 http://www.liia.lv/site/docs/EaP publication.pdf, p.4 (accessed on 12.03.2015). 2 Karel Kaas, "The Eastern Partnership and Estonia: Policy Recommendations" în Security Arhitecture în the EU Eastern Neighborhood: Challenges and Realities,Pro
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of the Eastern Partnership: Report the meeting of Foreign Affairs Ministers, December 13, 2010 , http://www.eeas.europa.eu/eastern/docs/eap meeting foreign affairs 131210 en.pdf (accesat la 13.04.2015) 6 Bogdano Depo, The Eastern Partnership two years on: Success or failure for the diversified ENP?, Civil Society Forum, 2011, p.3 http://eap-csf.eu/en/news-events/articles-analytics/the-eastern-partnership-two-years-on-success-or-failure-for-the-diversified-enp/ (accessed on 12.04.2015) 7 Bogdan Depo, ibid. 8 Barry Buzan, Ole Waiver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of Internațional Security, Cambridge, 2013
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7 Bogdan Depo, ibid. 8 Barry Buzan, Ole Waiver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of Internațional Security, Cambridge, 2013, p. 4. 9 Barry Buzan, Ole Waiver, ibid. 10 Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997, p. 198. 11 Barry Buzan, Ole Waiver, op. cît., p. 44. 12 Barry Buzan "Regions and Powers. The Structure of Internațional Security" cît. în. Ioan Horga Course Support, SNSPA, 2013. 13 Ibidem. 14 Ibidem. 15
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accesat la 12.03.2015). 21 Benjamin Bidder 'Selective Application of Justice': Tymoshenko Sentenced to Jail Despite EU Warnings, Spiegel, 2011 http://www.spiegel.de/internațional/europe/selective-application-of-justice-tymoshenko-sentenced-to-jail-despite-eu-warnings-a-791146.html (accesat la 12.03.2015). 22 Eastern Partnership Community, Debating Ideas for the Partnership, http://www.easternpartnership.org/partner-states/ukraine (accesat la 12.04.2015). 23 Andrzej Szeptycki, Relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus: The Present Conditions, Status Quo and Perspectives, Polish Institute of Internațional Affairs, Warsaw, 2006, pp. 15-20
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com/ articles/12046/azerbaijan-armenia-tensions-regional-risks-policy-challenges (accessed on 13.02.2015). 31 Ibidem. 32 Ibidem. 33 ENP Country Progress Report 2012 - Azerbaijan, European Commission, 2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release MEMO-13-243 en.htm (accessed on 20.05.2015). 34 Eastern Partnership Community, Debating Ideas for the Partnership, http://www.easternpartnership.org/partner-states/azerbaijan (accessed on 23.05/2015). 35 Ibidem. 36 Freedom House Report, 2013 http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/georgia #.Uu ZGfmSwkQ (accessed on 23.05.2015) 37 Eastern Partnership Community, Debating Ideas
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the Partnership, http://www.easternpartnership.org/partner-states/azerbaijan (accessed on 23.05/2015). 35 Ibidem. 36 Freedom House Report, 2013 http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/georgia #.Uu ZGfmSwkQ (accessed on 23.05.2015) 37 Eastern Partnership Community, Debating Ideas for the Partnership, http://www.easternpartnership.org/partner-states/georgia (accessed on 23.05.2015). 38 Ibidem. 39 Vlad Mixich, Rusia pune embargo la importul de vinuri din Republică Moldova, Hotnews, 2013, București http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-international-15552215-rusia-pune-embargo-importul-vinuri-din-moldova.htm (accessed on 12
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on 13.04.2015). 42 Maxim Shipenkov, Armenia Joins Russia-Led Eurasian Economic Union, Moscow Times, 2015, Moscow, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/armenia-joins-russia-led-eurasian-economic-union/514035.html (accessed on 12.04.2015). 43 Jeff Lovitt, Iskra Kirova European Integration Index 2014 for Eastern Partnership Countries, Open Society Institute, 2014, p. 5 http://www.eap-index.eu/sites/default/files/EaP%20Index%202014.pdf (accessed on 14.05.2015) 44 Barry Buzan, Ole Waever op.cit., p. 49. 45 Paul Pryce, Ukraine's OSCE Chairmanship
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EGF, 2012, http://gpf-europe.com/context/publications/? id=17635 (accessed on 12.06.2015). Bibliography BUZAN, Barry, WAEVER, Ole, Regions and Powers: The Structure of Internațional Security, Cambridge, 2013. BUZAN, Barry, WAEVER, Waever, and WILDE, Jaap, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997. GETMANCHUK, Getmanchuk, Ukraine and Moldova: Time to Talk Openly, Institute of World Politics, Kiev, 2012. IVAN, Paul, "EU and Moldova one year after the launch of the Eastern Partnership" în Security Arhitecture în the EU
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