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of accuracy and of the particularities involved by the purpose and the type of discourse. We will notice other significant differences between the vernacular and the literary language from the point of view of the intercultural contact and of the linguistic change. Thus, if at the level of vernacular language (and culture) influences occur due to the fact that speakers of different languages share the same living space, on the level of literary language the influence develops starting from a certain
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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More than that, the contact with superior cultures and with the languages through which these cultures express themselves may give rise to changes in one's own culture and language, starting from an alien model. Changes and the process of linguistic innovation usually take place at the level of speech and usage, but also occur, in the case of literary language, at the level of the norm, when the regulation willingness and the social acceptance bring modifications by introducing stipulatory acts
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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taken over by the collective usage and by the norm. In the case of the vernacular, the specific changes are those produced in the field of collective usage; during the process of acquiring a language, all of these become the linguistic rule. In this particular case, the reasons that lead to changes are objective, and depend on the physical and cultural features of the population forming that community, whereas in the case of the literary language, they are subjective, being generated
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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the speaking individuals, implies that these individuals are endowed with a series of abilities, habits, possibilities and restrictions. Each speaker possesses the general faculty of speech, which guarantees their ability to learn and use a language. They also possess a linguistic science, i.e. they know the language, and have a linguistic conscience, which is an inward, spiritual structuring that offers to the speakers identity, on one hand, and the feeling of communing with the rest of the speakers of that language
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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a series of abilities, habits, possibilities and restrictions. Each speaker possesses the general faculty of speech, which guarantees their ability to learn and use a language. They also possess a linguistic science, i.e. they know the language, and have a linguistic conscience, which is an inward, spiritual structuring that offers to the speakers identity, on one hand, and the feeling of communing with the rest of the speakers of that language, on the other hand. Speakers employ the language according to
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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to the speakers identity, on one hand, and the feeling of communing with the rest of the speakers of that language, on the other hand. Speakers employ the language according to certain rules based on tradition; therefore, they possess a linguistic competence, i.e. they innovate and transform the given formulas by exercising their creativity and linguistic freedom. By respecting the linguistic tradition, they manifest an objectivity of a social type; yet, by innovating when using language according to their own aptitudes
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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of the speakers of that language, on the other hand. Speakers employ the language according to certain rules based on tradition; therefore, they possess a linguistic competence, i.e. they innovate and transform the given formulas by exercising their creativity and linguistic freedom. By respecting the linguistic tradition, they manifest an objectivity of a social type; yet, by innovating when using language according to their own aptitudes and attitudes, they manifest their subjectivity. If these innovations should find the right circumstances to
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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language, on the other hand. Speakers employ the language according to certain rules based on tradition; therefore, they possess a linguistic competence, i.e. they innovate and transform the given formulas by exercising their creativity and linguistic freedom. By respecting the linguistic tradition, they manifest an objectivity of a social type; yet, by innovating when using language according to their own aptitudes and attitudes, they manifest their subjectivity. If these innovations should find the right circumstances to spread and become socially accepted
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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right circumstances to spread and become socially accepted, they can turn into objectivity for the other speakers. Therefore, although speakers cannot exercise their free will in the field of language, they are human individuals capable of performing, within a specific linguistic environment, a linguistic activity independent of any temporal, spatial, social, etc., conditioning, by reason of their knowledge, conscience and competence. In what speech is concerned, the speaker is the one that talks, the human being who performs a linguistic activity
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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spread and become socially accepted, they can turn into objectivity for the other speakers. Therefore, although speakers cannot exercise their free will in the field of language, they are human individuals capable of performing, within a specific linguistic environment, a linguistic activity independent of any temporal, spatial, social, etc., conditioning, by reason of their knowledge, conscience and competence. In what speech is concerned, the speaker is the one that talks, the human being who performs a linguistic activity materialised in speech
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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specific linguistic environment, a linguistic activity independent of any temporal, spatial, social, etc., conditioning, by reason of their knowledge, conscience and competence. In what speech is concerned, the speaker is the one that talks, the human being who performs a linguistic activity materialised in speech acts at a certain given time. In the course of this activity, speakers can talk about themselves or about objects: when talking about themselves, they objectify what belongs to them as if it had an independent
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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what belongs to them as if it had an independent status, while when talking about objects, they talk about themselves as well, as they position these objects according to their own perspective; therefore, they are not creators only on a linguistic level, but on an ontological level also, as they endow language with a pragmatic function. That is why practicing language through speech implies the training of several individual faculties (reflection, psyche, will, etc.) and a relationship with a number of
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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is why practicing language through speech implies the training of several individual faculties (reflection, psyche, will, etc.) and a relationship with a number of exterior parameters (reality, tradition, culture, etc.). The transformation of language into an operative factor through the linguistic activity brings forth the speech acts and involves, on one hand, the manifestation of (logical) thinking or of reason, and on the other hand the manifestation of imagination, and sometimes of fantasy. What results from this activity are statements, which
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its cultural space. If we consider things carefully, we will conclude that in the case of high philosophy (of philosophy proper or of personalised philosophy), the essential part in creation is played by the philosopher's genius, and not by linguistic or any other type of factors. It is possible for philosophers to exploit in their writings some particularities of their language, but the content of the systems they create is not dependent on the features of one language; yet, this
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universality, even though this individuality cannot accept to be included in a category alongside other elements of the same type. Nevertheless, from an ontological point of view philosophy and poetry are two distinct cultural realities, and equally different are the linguistic instruments implied in their achievement, which made Paul Ricoeur state that they are in fact two peaks that never come together, although they have in common the fact that they represent the greatest creations of the human spirit. While making
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speaking about the same state of things, thus understanding that reality is external to language and that applying the latter to reality and performing the discourse imply variability, which implies in its turn different ways of interpreting and using the linguistic means. Therefore, on each and every occasion language is used starting from the previous achievements, yet not without a certain degree of novelty: creation depends on the very condition requiring language to be functional. In the process of acquainting the
Elemente de filozofia limbii by Ioan Oprea [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1424_a_2666]
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că unei asemenea afirmații i se opun unele „tendințe noi“. Ținând seama de considerațiile lui depreciative asupra filozofiei târzii a lui Wittgenstein, este plauzibil că o avea în vedere, în primul rând, pe aceasta. 78 Fr. Waismann, The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, edited by R. Harré, Macmillan, London, 1965, p. 4. 79 „Copilul folosește, de regulă, un cuvânt ca «bun» mai întâi pentru hrană. Ceea ce e deosebit de important în învățare sunt gesturile și expresiile faciale exagerate. Cuvântul se învață ca substitut
Gânditorul singuratic : critica ºi practica filozofiei la Ludwig Wittgenstein by Mircea Flonta () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1367_a_2719]
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Viitorul filozofiei, traducere de Angela Teșileanu, în op. cit. Stadler, Friedrich, Studien zum Wiener Kreis, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1997. Von Kutschera, Franz, Sprachphilosophie, völlig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, W. Fink Verlag, München, 1975. Waismann, Fr., The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, edited by R. Harré, Macmillan, London, 1965. Redactor DRAGOȘ DODU Tehnoredactor MANUELA MĂXINEANU DTP DUMITRU OLTEANU Corector IULIANA POP Apărut 2008 BUCUREȘTI - ROMÂNIA Lucrare executată la S.P. „BUCUREȘTII NOI“
Gânditorul singuratic : critica ºi practica filozofiei la Ludwig Wittgenstein by Mircea Flonta () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1367_a_2719]
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a Universității "Al.I. Cuza"din Iași496. Procesarea corpusului publicistic cu ajutorul DAT facilitează generarea unor date statistice de ordin cantitativ, cu privire la dominantele semantice ale textelor, oferind astfel premisele dezvoltării unor analize calitative ulterioare. 6.2.1. Analiza semantică Softul LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count), realizat de University of Texas at Austin și University of Auckland, New Zeeland, pleacă de la premisa că limbajul verbal prezintă informații prețioase privind caracteristicile emoționale și cognitive ale locutorilor. În esență, programul primește la intrare mai
by MIHAELA MOCANU [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/979_a_2487]
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p. 90. 38 Opinii privind Federația Rusă, Ucraina, Slovenia, Croația, Serbia și Muntenegru. 39 P.Thornberry, M.A.M Estebanes, op.cit.,p.94. 40 Doc. CM(94)161 of 9 November 1994, p.22, comentariu la art. 10.2. 41 Ingrid Gogolin, Linguistic Diversity and New Minorities in Europe, Language Policy Division, Council of Europe,2002,p.10. 42 Ibidem, p.21. 43 Opinie exprimată de Rolf Ekeus, Inalt Comisar pentru Minorități Naționale al OSCE, Round Table, New Minorities...,p.7. 44 În
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utilizarea în reconstrucția sa filosofică mai cu seamă în Tractatus logico-philosophicus a convențiilor logicii simbolice. Dar înaintea sa, Frege, Husserl, Russell au tematizat judecata și structura acesteia, provocând, totodată, cunoscutul fenomen al "turnurii lingvistice". Am putea spune că tocmai prin linguistic turn, judecata a fost recondiționată categoric și radical ca propoziție, enunțare, deși acest sens al ei, preeminent lingvistic, nu i-a fost nciodată străin, de la inventarea științei logicii de către Aristotel. Accentul mutat pe expresie -vizibil, cum arătam, încă de la formalizarea
by VIOREL CERNICA [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/975_a_2483]
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Variation and Change in the Romance and Germanic Noun Phrase, Amsterdam, 28−30 ianuarie. Anand, Pranav, Andrew Nevins, "The Locus of Ergative Case Assignement: Evidence from Scope", în: A. Johns, D. Massam, J. Ndayiragije (eds.), Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 65, p. 3−25. Anderson, John M., 1971, The Grammar of Case. Towards a Localistic Theory, [Cambridge], Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Stephen R., 1976, "On the Notion of Subject in Ergative Languages", în: C. N. Li (ed.), p. 1
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Thematic Roles and Syntactic Structure", în: L. Haegeman (ed.), p. 73−137. Baker, Mark C., Osamuyimen Thompson Stewart, 1997, "Unaccusativity and the Adjective/Verb Distinction: Edo Evidence", Proceedings of NELS, 27, p. 33-48. Belletti, Adriana, 1988, "The Case of Unaccusatives", Linguistic Inquiry, 19, 1, 1−34. Bennis, Hans, 2004, "Unergative adjectives and psycs verbs", în: A. Alexiadou, E. Anagnostopoulou, M. Everaert (eds.), p. 84-113. Benveniste, Émile, [1966a], "" Être " et " avoir " dans leurs fonctions linguistiques", în Problèmes de linguistique générale, I, [Paris
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of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, p. 39-52. Bidu-Vrănceanu, Angela, Cristina Călărașu, Liliana Ionescu-Ruxăndoiu, Mihaela Mancaș, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, 2005, Dicționar de științe ale limbii, [București], Nemira [DSL]. Bittner, Maria, Ken Hale, 1996, "Ergativity: Toward a Theory of a Heterogeneous Class", Linguistic Inquiry, 27, 4, p. 531-604. Bittner, Maria, Ken Hale, 1997 [1993], "Comparative Notes on Ergative Case Systems", în: R. Pensalfini, N. Richards (eds.), Papers on Australian Language, Working Papers 1997, Cambridge, MIT Press, p. 67-104. Blake, Barry J. 1976, "On
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