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historical dată that proves that every time a new information technology was made possible by the discovery of some genius the waves of enthusiasm were quickly followed by disappointment. The technological discovery is welcomed aș a source of social progress but the hopes are almost always betrayed since the state institutions use it for political propagandă and the private corporations for gaining significant profits. The well-being of the public is almost never on the agenda of the important actors that take
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possible effects of the use of the Internet and analysed 38 scholarly surveys of those effects. Her results did not validate or invalidate her hypothesis. The conclusion of this research is that the Internet hâș positive effects on political engagement but those effects are not significantly greater than the negative ones: "În sum, this meta-analysis suggests that the effects of the Internet use on engagement are positive, but does not establish that these effects are substanțial"2. Although there are scholars
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of this research is that the Internet hâș positive effects on political engagement but those effects are not significantly greater than the negative ones: "În sum, this meta-analysis suggests that the effects of the Internet use on engagement are positive, but does not establish that these effects are substanțial"2. Although there are scholars who tend to believe that "we are entering another important turning point not just în communication technologies, but în social structure and identity formation that affects the
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effects of the Internet use on engagement are positive, but does not establish that these effects are substanțial"2. Although there are scholars who tend to believe that "we are entering another important turning point not just în communication technologies, but în social structure and identity formation that affects the behaviours of audiences"3 I consider that the Internet hâș little or no effect în generating the long praised public sphere fostering critical debate on political issues. Aș I tried to
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the fact that media limit the freedom of expression instead of expanding it. From the beginning of the last century the media was supposed to function aș a public arena where different points of view could be expressed and debated. But, aș Newmann is proving there is a huge difference between public opinion and published opinion. The published opinion is perceived by the public aș the legitimate and the general opinion. The ideal model of the public sphere where citizens express
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according to the dată provided by the researchers * "People were less willing to discuss the Snowden-NSA story în social media than they were în person. 86% of Americans were willing to have an in-person conversation about the sur- veillance program, but just 42% of Facebook and Twitter users were willing to post about it on those platforms. * Social media did not provide an alternative discussion platform for those who were not willing to discuss the Snowden-NSA story. Of the 14% of
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media networks to pre-screen their candidates. Șo employees no longer fear their political leaders, they fear their bosses, their potențial bosses and the human resources departments. The systems of social control have shifted form the political to the financial sector. But this type of social control is accompanied by the fear of social exclusion. Aș the Pew Research Center is showing: * "În both personal settings and online settings, people were more willing to share their views if they thought their audience
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point of view. Indeed, the social media offers them the possibility of becoming "unprofessional journalists", opinion-makers. It appears the social media is a democratic media that offers citizens the privileged position that only a few professionals enjoyed before their appearance. But this is only a super- ficial view on the subject since they are not protected, aș the Snowden scandal proved, against monitoring by some security agency or against monitoring form the human resources departments. Șo, although it is nevertheless true
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în our lives we are growingly distrustful about its messages and about the political leaders. Devious forms of social control prevent uș from entering the political debate în the online environment. The status of "unprofessional journalists" hâș only the costs but not the benefits of that of a professional journalist. Political engagement is not something more present în the case of those who use frequently social media. Social media and social hatred: "if you have someone în your family that votes
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The 2014 presidential elections hâd some important characteristics that differentiate them from previous elections * The use on a wide scale of the social media to target specific audiences. * The appearance of hate messages targeted not mainly on the political adversary, but on his voters The 2014 presidential elections will remain în the history of the political communication aș the elections that divided the Romanian voters în two main categories: the young, technological savvy, hard- working, well-paid Romanians, and the old, disconnected
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campaigns proved the Social Democrats hâd a faithful electorate formed mainly of elderly retired people living în the rural area of the country. There are not enough dată collected în order to have a clear statistical analysis of the subject but the media often presented information to shape this image of the elderly voting for the social- democrats în order to get financial aids. A rise în their pensions or a rise în the unemployment aid constituted, în most of our
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unemployment aid constituted, în most of our political analysts a good reason to vote for the social democrats. Things were about to change în the 2014 presidential elections. Aș stated earlier, the online campaign targeted young people with technological skills. But dit is matter? Aș Alexandru Radupoints ouț, the Romanian elections were also characterized by low rateș of attendance and this fact is raising important questions about the political legitimacy of the elected presidents. "If the 1990 elections managed to gather
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the most important Romanian publicly funded press institution), Stelian Tănase, wrote on his blog: "If only the Facebook users would vote, than Johannis would win the elections"16. The Facebook community voting for Klaus Johannis was presented aș the small but well informed and intelligent community that will be, once again, vanquished by the poor ill-informed elderly people. There are not enough official statistical dată, but it seems that, on the contrary, it was the first time the social media was
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the elections"16. The Facebook community voting for Klaus Johannis was presented aș the small but well informed and intelligent community that will be, once again, vanquished by the poor ill-informed elderly people. There are not enough official statistical dată, but it seems that, on the contrary, it was the first time the social media was the primary source of information and that the Facebook community rely made the difference, especially în the second round of the elections. Pictures of Romanians
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people who hâd to stay în line for hours în order to exercise their democratic right to choose their leaders were distributed and presented even în the tradițional media channels. For the first time, the social media seemed to count, but not aș an ideal public sphere, but aș a political weapon, aș a mean of getting people to vote, not to debate. The information presented în the social media was even more polarized that the one presented în the tradițional
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for hours în order to exercise their democratic right to choose their leaders were distributed and presented even în the tradițional media channels. For the first time, the social media seemed to count, but not aș an ideal public sphere, but aș a political weapon, aș a mean of getting people to vote, not to debate. The information presented în the social media was even more polarized that the one presented în the tradițional media. The deregulation of these media allowed
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The social-media buble is a majority now" stated one of the marketing analyst of the presidential campaign. În fact, there are 7.2 milion Facebook accounts which represents an important percentage of the population ho hâș the right to vote18. But how and when these anti- democratic messages begun to spread on the social-media networks? It is very difficult to offer a clear answer but the most important episode was the online campaign launched by one of the most important online
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Facebook accounts which represents an important percentage of the population ho hâș the right to vote18. But how and when these anti- democratic messages begun to spread on the social-media networks? It is very difficult to offer a clear answer but the most important episode was the online campaign launched by one of the most important online press institutions Gandul.info that questions the right of the poor to vote19. În august 2014, Gandul.info introduced în the public debate the
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to vote are different: Moise Guran thinks it should be money, Ciprian Ciucu thinks it should be literacy. What is the problem with these antidemocratic messages? Some may clăim they are isolated accidents, unimportant and irrelevant în the broader context. But is it șo? Even questioning the right to vote on different criteria is unconstitutional and illegal. Aș Vasile Ernu23 points ouț, these are discriminatory claims that clearly contradict the Romanian Constitution. But there are further dangers attached to such claims
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accidents, unimportant and irrelevant în the broader context. But is it șo? Even questioning the right to vote on different criteria is unconstitutional and illegal. Aș Vasile Ernu23 points ouț, these are discriminatory claims that clearly contradict the Romanian Constitution. But there are further dangers attached to such claims. When discussing Noelle Newmann's spiral of silence în the previous section of my article I showed, following the conclusions of Newmann's study, that people perceive the published opinion aș the
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people 24. Șo, this type of debate that throws uș back into the nineteenth century would be unthinkable în other political spaces. I am not trying to set the Western countries aș the perfect example that we should refer to, but it is incredible how media deregulation, social inequality and social hatred can produce a middle class whose frustrations are carefully guided against the most vulnerable categories of the population. Although we have democratic institutions preventing discrimination is not an easy
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are carefully guided against the most vulnerable categories of the population. Although we have democratic institutions preventing discrimination is not an easy job and the danger of right wing ideology disguised aș "populism" is more present than ever before 25. But social hatred aș a result of class inequality was not the only toxic resource used în the 2014 presidential campaign. The conflict between generations was another source of political mobilization. În an article that created a lot of controversy, Răzvan
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press took that information and created the portrait of the voter șo poor and ill-informed that he or she sells his vote for a bottle of oil. What we are seeing here is not an open space of the debate, but a space of polarized discussion filled with antidemocratic messages where the discussion hâș no nuances. The deba- te was șo intense and the social ha- tred șo widely promoted than opposite social campaigns were launched encouraging people to have a
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testing cabin should be placed next to the voting one and the ones with an IQ lower than 80 should be prevented from voting. The ones with an IQ placed between 80 and 100 should have the right to vote, but their votes should be divided by 5. For example, if 100 persons with an IQ between 80 and 100 voted for Victor Ponta, their votes should be divided by 5. This way Victor Ponta receives only 20 votes from the
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divided by 5. This way Victor Ponta receives only 20 votes from the 100 votes expressed by people with the IQ between 80 and 100. The ones having an IQ between 100 and 115 should have the right to vote but, again, the total number of their voted should be divided by two. The ones with the IQ between 115 and 130 should obey the principle one person one vote. The ones with the IQ higher than 130 should obey the
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