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views being considered dangerous by the communist officials and ideologues. Consequently, the recommendations explicitly expressed în the texts were that the process of reconsidering and recuperating the work of great Russian writer hâș to be done compulsory from the positions of Marxist-Leninist paradigm. The argument itself, aș most of the arguments present în these interpretative texts, was the result of the censorship pressure and it is "borrowed" from the texts of the Soviet literary critics. It was one necessary way of
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of Marxist-Leninist paradigm. The argument itself, aș most of the arguments present în these interpretative texts, was the result of the censorship pressure and it is "borrowed" from the texts of the Soviet literary critics. It was one necessary way of legitimating the entire process of publishing and promoting Dostoevsky's literary work. The content analysis and comparative analysis revealed that în these texts there are present some common elements, particular în the more ideological critical studies published particularly în the
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literary work. The content analysis and comparative analysis revealed that în these texts there are present some common elements, particular în the more ideological critical studies published particularly în the first three decades. These constitutive elements of the Marxist paradigm of approaching and interpreting Dostoevsky's creation are, în general, the result of the ideological pressure of that time, having themselves an insistent ideological character. The most common elements are analyzed below accompanied by relevant examples from the texts of Marxist
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some common elements, particular în the more ideological critical studies published particularly în the first three decades. These constitutive elements of the Marxist paradigm of approaching and interpreting Dostoevsky's creation are, în general, the result of the ideological pressure of that time, having themselves an insistent ideological character. The most common elements are analyzed below accompanied by relevant examples from the texts of Marxist literary critics. The central element of such an interpretation, was the Marxist dialectical method used by
Polis () [Corola-journal/Science/84976_a_85761]
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paradigm of approaching and interpreting Dostoevsky's creation are, în general, the result of the ideological pressure of that time, having themselves an insistent ideological character. The most common elements are analyzed below accompanied by relevant examples from the texts of Marxist literary critics. The central element of such an interpretation, was the Marxist dialectical method used by critics, both Soviet and Romanian, în order to emphasize the so-called "contradictions" present în the work and life of the writer. It is
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creation are, în general, the result of the ideological pressure of that time, having themselves an insistent ideological character. The most common elements are analyzed below accompanied by relevant examples from the texts of Marxist literary critics. The central element of such an interpretation, was the Marxist dialectical method used by critics, both Soviet and Romanian, în order to emphasize the so-called "contradictions" present în the work and life of the writer. It is a typical process by which they seek
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of this study, but the method hâș been widely used by officials and Communist ideology în other areas, not only literary but also historical, political, economic, religious, etc. The soviet Critic V. Ermilov, for example, indicates that the main elements of his study, namely, the contradictions of Dostoevsky's work, on the duality which tortured permanently the great Russian novelist being în the impossibility to escape from the torments caused by it. Both life and his oeuvre, believes the author, represents
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represents a tragedy, ăn example of trying to "suppress and mutilation of the human soul by a hostile reality genius, freedom, art, beauty"8. It thus emphasized the contradiction between the realist aspirations of his work and the metaphysical tendency of solving the social themes through mystification and subjectivism. În this context, the author concludes that the socio-psichological duality it is not metaphysical, the source of evil should not be found în man's soul, because it hâș social causes. Other
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G. M. Friedlander positioned themselves within the same perspective, which was followed by the Romanian critics aș well. Tamara Gane provides such a dialectical approach presenting the "contrary arguments", "pro and contra" which, în her view, are the very substance of Dostevsky's work, considering that the writer hâș not understood the mechanism of solving the problems of the old society, the real and efficient solutions being found and applied by the communist society 10. On his turn, Tudor Vianu claims
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the origin of evil and pain, în glorifying faith and suffering aș source of man's moral regeneration 11. Arguably, the most subtle analysis of Dostoevsky's contradictions belongs to the renowned dostoevskian exegete, Ion Ianoși who accuses the writer of "willfully confusing" bourgeoism with the revolutionary spirit, mentioning the "serious confusion of addresses" from his later texts, particularly în the novel The Demons 12. The "realism" of Dostoesvky's creation is also another element often mentioned by the Marxist critics
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source of man's moral regeneration 11. Arguably, the most subtle analysis of Dostoevsky's contradictions belongs to the renowned dostoevskian exegete, Ion Ianoși who accuses the writer of "willfully confusing" bourgeoism with the revolutionary spirit, mentioning the "serious confusion of addresses" from his later texts, particularly în the novel The Demons 12. The "realism" of Dostoesvky's creation is also another element often mentioned by the Marxist critics în their studies. However, it hâș to be stated that this is
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convenient ideologically, considering that his oeuvre save itself due to the "consistent realism of the author" and because în the "conflict between the reactionary ideologue and the realist writer, the victory was won by the latter"15. Another common aspect of Marxist texts both în România and the Soviet Union was the express motivation of the need for a reconsideration of Dostoevsky's work from a Marxist-Leninist perspective, the authors arguing that this is necessary because the readers should thus be
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the Soviet Union was the express motivation of the need for a reconsideration of Dostoevsky's work from a Marxist-Leninist perspective, the authors arguing that this is necessary because the readers should thus be able to assimilate the "positive" aspects of his work and reject the "negative" ones. Also, these critics stressed the less optimist views of the Russian writer în respect to the West and capitalist society, but usually, Dostoevsky's remarks were taken ouț of the context and exaggerated
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society, but usually, Dostoevsky's remarks were taken ouț of the context and exaggerated. Riurikov, Ermilov, Friedlander and also most of the Romanian critics, from the early period stressed the importance of re-evaluating Dostoevsky through the Marxist-Leninist lens: this sort of analysis would allow the choice of "the wheat from the chaff" and the repudiation of the "hostile theory" of humility and reconciliation among classes and, în the end, the appreciation of what is realistic în his work. Radu Popescu, for
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healthy, positive side: "we should carefully cleave, with severity and also piety, the wheat from the chaff"16. Similar remarks are present în the works of other literary critics such aș Mihai Novicov 17 or Nicolae Zega18. Another common element of these approaches hâș been strongly presentation of certain details of the writer's life, especially related to its socialist past and sentencing policy: the participation în the Petrashevski circle, the conviction and the exile. Most of the authors mention these
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and Lenin, both of them criticizing Dostoevsky, the later one claiming that the writer represented the sick consciousness of the Russian people 19. În a similar context, B. Riurikov reiterates the same charges of the same personalities, mentioning the words of Gorki who considers that Dostoevsky painted mân "helpless în the chaos of the dark forces"20. În the analysis of Notes from the underground, Rozemblum quotes Gorki's opinion that în this text "there is în germ the main ideas
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Gorki who considers that Dostoevsky painted mân "helpless în the chaos of the dark forces"20. În the analysis of Notes from the underground, Rozemblum quotes Gorki's opinion that în this text "there is în germ the main ideas of all of his later works"21. The critique of the novel The Demons is present în many of the exegetical texts about Dostoevsky's work, the author being accused of misleading the readers by having models for his revolutionary characters
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în his study, Realism with romantic elements, the opinion of the revolutionary writer P. Tcaciov who considers the novel The Demons, aș an "abstract nonsense lacking any real element" the characters being "sick people"23. The tendentious and biased commentaries of Marxist critics have not remained only at a theoretical and abstract level, that is, have not referred only to the general political, philosophical, social, religious or aesthetic concepts and ideas expressed în Dostoevsky's work. The mystifications and exaggerated interpretations
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symbols. Ordinov, the main character în Notes from Underground, Prince Myshkin, from The idiot, Raskolnikov from Crime and Punishment, Ivan, Aliosha, father Zosima from Karamazov Brothers, Ippolit and Stavroghin from The Demons, all have become within this perspective the exponents of religious and political reactionary movements which would contradict flagrantly the communist ideology. Characters, dialogues, narrative elements, descriptions and șo on have been interpreted în various ways, often just for serving ideological purposes or for discrediting a certain conception. Riurikov, for
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by revolution or by "systematic fight of the proletariat". Raskolnikov would have puț himself în the service of organized struggle to overthrow the feudal-bourgeois order, "he would have been a hero of the working class"24. Conclusion The entire process of reception of Dostoevsky's work hâd a non-linear evolution, sinusoidal, with fluctuating periods, his novels being either published extensively or periods of "silence" when his works were almost forbidden. More specifically, în spițe of the fact that for example în
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the feudal-bourgeois order, "he would have been a hero of the working class"24. Conclusion The entire process of reception of Dostoevsky's work hâd a non-linear evolution, sinusoidal, with fluctuating periods, his novels being either published extensively or periods of "silence" when his works were almost forbidden. More specifically, în spițe of the fact that for example în the lațe '60s almost all of his novels have been translated, the numerous commentaries and critical studies were extremely biased and ideological
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were able to relate to the oeuvre of the writer. În the following year, with the occasion of commemorating 75 years from his death, Dostoevsky's novels have been published accompanied by numerous studies and exegetical texts. The religious dimension of Dostoevsky's oeuvre is fundamental for comprehending and understanding it. Before and after the communist period, this was the defining perspective of approach, while during the communism, only rarely was possible to address religious themes and mostly from an atheistic
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his death, Dostoevsky's novels have been published accompanied by numerous studies and exegetical texts. The religious dimension of Dostoevsky's oeuvre is fundamental for comprehending and understanding it. Before and after the communist period, this was the defining perspective of approach, while during the communism, only rarely was possible to address religious themes and mostly from an atheistic Marxist perspective. Even after the relaxation of censorship, when the "fight against Dostoevsky" ended, the religious perspective continued be regarded aș problematic
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Marxist perspective, dominant over time, excepting the last two decades, and when only few studies were published. A second perspective, a more theoretical or technical, focused on various literary or psychological themes which much less ideological, such aș the studies of Valeriu Cristea 25, Friedrich Heinrich 26, Albert Kovacs or the excepțional study of Ileana Mălăncioiu Vină tragică 27. Aș noted în the analysis, the whole process of translating, publishing, interpreting and promoting Dostoevsky's creation should be mainly regarded aș
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Aș noted în the analysis, the whole process of translating, publishing, interpreting and promoting Dostoevsky's creation should be mainly regarded aș a process of recuperating Dostoevsky în a specific political and social environment, repressive par excellence. The main merit of this process is that it offered to the general public the access at the work of the great novelist. Note 1 Mihai Vacariu benefited from a PhD scholarship at SNSPA, POSDRU/ 159/1.5/S/134650. 2 Grigore Georgiu, Comunicare
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