1,210 matches
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genèse difficile" in Pascal Delwit, Erol Külahci și Cédric Van de Walle (ed.), Les fédérations européennes de partis. Organisation et influence, Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, 2001, pp. 91-106. Gerassimos Moschonas, In The Name Of Social Democracy. The Great Transformation: 1945 To The Present, Verso, Londra/ New York, 2002. Michael Newman, The Party of European Socialists, University of North London, Londra, 1996, dosar nr. 41. Oskar Niedermayer, Europäische Parteien? Zur grenzüberschreitenden Interaktion politischer Parteien in Rahmen des Europäische Gemeinschaft, Campus
Natura şi politica partidelor europene: social-democraţia şi criza şomajului by Erol Kulahci [Corola-publishinghouse/Administrative/1428_a_2670]
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Party Systems and its Implications for a Future EU Party System, la conferința organizată de Stefano Bartolini, "Multi-level Party Systems: Europeanisation and the reshaping of National Political Representation", Florența, Institutul Universitar European, 16-18 decembrie 1999, pp. 1-28. Clemens A. Wurn, "Great Britain: Political Parties and Pressure Groups", în Walter Lipgens și Wilfried Loth (ed.), Documents on the History of European Integration, vol. III, The Struggle for European Union by Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Western European Countries 1945-1950, W. De
Natura şi politica partidelor europene: social-democraţia şi criza şomajului by Erol Kulahci [Corola-publishinghouse/Administrative/1428_a_2670]
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dilemmes de la social-démocratie, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1993; Pascal Delwit, op. cit.; Alain Bergounioux și Gérard Grunberg, L'utopie à l'épreuve: le socialisme européen au XXe siècle, Fallois, Paris, 1996; Marc Lazar, op. cit.; Gerassimos Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democraty. The Great Transformation, 1945 to the Present, Verso, Londra/ New York, 2002; David Bell și Eric Shaw (ed.), "What's Left? The Left in Europe Today", ediție specială a Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 56, nr. 1, 2003; Pascal Delwit (ed.), Où va la social-démocratie
Natura şi politica partidelor europene: social-democraţia şi criza şomajului by Erol Kulahci [Corola-publishinghouse/Administrative/1428_a_2670]
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Pridham și Pippa Pridham, op. cit. (1981), p. 111. 295 James May, "Is There an European Socialism?", în Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 13, 1975, p. 501. 296 Stanley Henig și John Pinder, op. cit., p. 482. 297 Clemens A. Wurn, "Great Britain: Political Parties and Pressure Groups", în Walter Lipgens și Wilfried Loth (ed.), Documents on the History of European Integration, vol. III, The Struggle for European Union by Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Western European Countries, 1945-1950, Walter de
Natura şi politica partidelor europene: social-democraţia şi criza şomajului by Erol Kulahci [Corola-publishinghouse/Administrative/1428_a_2670]
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1996. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, Archie, and Gray, Jack, eds., 1979. Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States. London: Macmillan, ed. a II-a. Bryant, Christopher G. A., and Mokrzycki, Edmund, eds., 1994. The New Great Transformation? Change and Continuity in East-Central Europe. London: Routledge Bryce, James A., 1921. Modern Democracies. London: Macmillan, 2 volumes. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, ed., 1969, Dilemmas of Change in Soviet Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Huntington, Samuel P., 1965
Democraţia şi alternativele ei by Richard Rose, William Mishler, Christian Haerpfer () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1395_a_2637]
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Public Opinion in European Socialist Systems. New York: Praeger. Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Searing, Donald D., 1994. "Democracy Citizenship and the Study of Political Socialization". In Ian Budge and David McKay, eds., Developing Democracy. London: Sage, 24-55. Conquest, Robert, 1990. The Great Terror: A Re-Assessment. London: Pimlico. Cook, Linda J., 1993. The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Coppedge, Michael, and Reinicke, Wolfgang, 1990. "Measuring Polyarchy", Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 51-72. Crampton, R. J.
Democraţia şi alternativele ei by Richard Rose, William Mishler, Christian Haerpfer () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1395_a_2637]
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Robert D., 1993. Making Democracy Work, with Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Raina, Peter, 1990. "Elections in Poland". In Robert K. Furtak, ed., Elections in Socialist States. London Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 98-118. Reed, John, 1995. "The Great Growth Race", Central European Economic Review, December, 9-11. Remmer, Karen, 1993. "The Political Economy of Elections in Latin America, 1980-1991", American Political Science Review, 87, 2, 393-407. Remmer, Karen, 1996. "The Sustainability of Political Democracy", Comparative Political Studies, 29, 611-34
Democraţia şi alternativele ei by Richard Rose, William Mishler, Christian Haerpfer () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1395_a_2637]
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IV Statele Nordice în politica europeană a Porții Otomane (1792-1814) ..................................................................... 196 Încheiere 258 Rezumat (Summary) 265 Indice 288 Contents Introduction ............................................................................ 5 I The European political crisis and the Eastern Question (1792-1802) ................................................................... 20 ÎI Involvements concerning the Eastern Question of the Great Powers Policy în North-Eastern Europe (1800-1814) 69 III Swedish political objectives în the North-Eastern Europe and în the Eastern Question (1792-1814) 153 IV The Northern states în the Ottoman Empire's European policy (1792-1814) 196 Conclusion 258 Summary 265 Index
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maintenus dans leurs intégrité, tels qu'ils étaient avânt la guerre" (s. Ven.C.)33. Celălalt, al 19-lea, consacră 32 Cf., mai recent, Veniamin Ciobanu, Political French-Russian-Prussian Rivalries în the German Territory (1800-1814), în vol. "East-Central Europe and the Great Powers Politics (19th-20th Centuries)", Edited by Veniamin Ciobanu, Editura Junimea, Iași, 2004, p. 11-15. 33 Recueil des Traites de la Porte Ottomane avec leș Puissances Etrangères depuis le premier traité conclu en 1536, entre Suleiman I et François I jusqu'à
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barieră împotriva expansiunii franceze. Planul lui Grenville se deosebea, însă, de toate inițiativele anterioare de acest gen, deoarece, "Grenville did not propose a military alliance against France"158. Din contră, el era convins că numai "a "union of all the great powers" could restore the diplomatic balance which France Imperialism hâd respect"159. Cu acel prilej, au reieșit, însă, în evidență deosebirile radicale de interese dintre puterile cărora li s-a adresat lordul Grenville care, în noile împrejurări create de păcile
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de Șes Sentimens pour la Porte Ottomanne réconnoitroit et agréeroit leș arangements pris à cet égard" de Poartă Otomană 154. 152 Cf., pentru detalii, Veniamin Ciobanu, Political French-RussianPrussian Rivalries în the German Territory (1800-1814), în vol. "East-Central Europe and the Great Powers Politics (19th-20th Centuries)", Edited by Veniamin Ciobanu, Editura Junimea, Iași, 2004, p. 14. 153 Carl Gustaf König remarcă, în acest sens, ca angajamentele pe care le avea Poartă Otomană cu Anglia "șont en collision avec ceux contractés anterieurement avec
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could take, at times, aș repetitions that which is, în fact, only the objectification of the applied methodology presented here. Aș for the documentary basis, the present historiography step is mostly the result of long time research în archives from Great Britain, Germany, Italy (Venice) and Sweden, following up the reports made by English, Prussians, Venețian and Swedish diplo matists that represented their countries at Constantinople and Petersburg, the "hoț spots" of the Eastern Question. În their most, I have included
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without delay. Sultan Selim III declared war to France on September 2nd, 1798 and, on December 23rd, 1798 / January 3rd, 1799, he signed a treaty of alliance with Russia, against the French expeditionary force în Egypt. A few days later, Great Britain adhered also to this treaty. Still, the Porte did not join the second anti-French Coalition, constituted în the spring of 1799, aș wanted by its new allies Russia and Great Britain. Instead, the Ottoman Empire took part în this
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to oppose a powerful European alliance to Russia, with the purpose to stop it from destroying the Ottoman Empire. În Europe, this failure led not only to the growth în prestige of Catherine ÎI, but mainly to the loss for Great Britain, at least în the near future, of an effective opposition to the Russian expansionism. Or, the first victim was Poland, its disappearance being the decisive hit for the political and territorial status-quo principle sustained by William Pitt, principle on
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the military and political events în Europe determined also England to consent to the pacification of the continent, signing the peace treaty of Amiens, on March 27, 1802. However, this treaty did not solve a number of litigious problems between Great Britain and France, among them being the one regarding the juridical status of the Isle of Malta. This was one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of the war, on May 22nd, 1803, between the two major competitors
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ways, în the evolution of the new continental political crisis, and also în the one concerning the Eastern Question, some of the ways of this implication being discussed în the next chapter. ÎI. Involvements concerning the Eastern Question of the Great Powers policy în North-Eastern Europe (1800-1814) The formation of the Armed League of Neutral powers, în December 1800, composed of Russia, Prussia, Denmark and Sweden, took place în the context of the complicated internațional political status from the last period
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League of Neutral powers, în December 1800, composed of Russia, Prussia, Denmark and Sweden, took place în the context of the complicated internațional political status from the last period of the revolutionary wars. It represented the efforts of the European Great Powers Great Britain, France, Russia and Austria to assure the best position possible for them, în the perspective of the imminent political reconsideration of the European borders. Aș the military and political events evolved în a different direction than the
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Neutral powers, în December 1800, composed of Russia, Prussia, Denmark and Sweden, took place în the context of the complicated internațional political status from the last period of the revolutionary wars. It represented the efforts of the European Great Powers Great Britain, France, Russia and Austria to assure the best position possible for them, în the perspective of the imminent political reconsideration of the European borders. Aș the military and political events evolved în a different direction than the one thought
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s flaws, determined by the context and the juridical forms of its constitution, appeared when the famous Austerlitz battle took place, during December 2nd 1805, aș well aș the following continental events. Although it hâd won the battle of Trafalgar, Great Britain could now discover new meaning în the political evolution în Northern Europe. Even after neutralizing Denmark, by capturing its fleet, în July 1807, another important issue remained unsolved, the one relative to the security of the British positions în
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of Henry Robert Stewart Castlereagh, one of the most bitter foes of the French emperor, hâș set aș immediate objective "to free Europe", the main element being the creation of a great Coalition against France, where the leaders would be Great Britain and Russia. Sweden and, preferably, Denmark were invited to join the presumptive coalition, being expected that they would facilitate the contacts between the two great powers. Aș the Norway problem constituted an insurmountable problem between the two Scandinavian states
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being the creation of a great Coalition against France, where the leaders would be Great Britain and Russia. Sweden and, preferably, Denmark were invited to join the presumptive coalition, being expected that they would facilitate the contacts between the two great powers. Aș the Norway problem constituted an insurmountable problem between the two Scandinavian states, Castlereagh understood that he hâd to choose only one of them for the great anti-French alliance. The political and military events that occurred during the confrontation
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coalition, being expected that they would facilitate the contacts between the two great powers. Aș the Norway problem constituted an insurmountable problem between the two Scandinavian states, Castlereagh understood that he hâd to choose only one of them for the great anti-French alliance. The political and military events that occurred during the confrontation with the Napoleonian France solved this dilemma, and, on the 3rd of March 1813 an alliance treaty was signed with Sweden, treaty that comprised the British promise that
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is known, by the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna. Taking part, with two exceptions the fourth and sixth Coalitions în all the wars made by European states against France, from the beginning, în February 1802 to the last great battles, în the first part of year 1814, Austria didn't find the time to be actively present în the events în Northern Europe or to take part to the Eastern Question, în the last case by comparison with the
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collaboration with France, but the rapports with this state did not go the way the Prussians wished. Besides, the political situation în the Central and Northern Europe did not unite the Prussian interests here with those of the other two Great Powers, France and Russia. This is the reason why these two states hâd no scruples to decide în a matter more than sensitive for Prussia not only without its knowledge and participation, but, more than that, to the detriment of
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second partition of Poland, established by the agreement made with Russia, on January 23rd, 1793, leading to the occurrence of a new community of Russian-Prussian interests în North-Eastern Europe. This new situation was also influenced by the obvious interests that Great Britain hâd în Russia. Both of them hâd direct implications on the Eastern Question, and both of them contributed to the consolidation of Russia on its positions în the European orient. În the described context Russia could enable sending a
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