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Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853

Amiens 108, condiție pusă de Marea Britanie pentru evacuarea insulei Malta. La fel au procedat, de altfel, si Austria, Spania și Prusia. Mai mult chiar, Rusia și Prusia au sugerat Mării Britanii să nu evacueze insula Malta, astfel că problema malteza "hâd become the leit-motive of the French-British disagreements and justified the breaking of the relations between the two powers"109. Până în anul 1739, gândirea politică austriacă a fost dominată de ideea că victoriile obținute de celebrul general și om politic, Eugeniu

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
de toate inițiativele anterioare de acest gen, deoarece, "Grenville did not propose a military alliance against France"158. Din contră, el era convins că numai "a "union of all the great powers" could restore the diplomatic balance which France Imperialism hâd respect"159. Cu acel prilej, au reieșit, însă, în evidență deosebirile radicale de interese dintre puterile cărora li s-a adresat lordul Grenville care, în noile împrejurări create de păcile încheiate de Franța mai ales cu Prusia și cu Austria

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
față de Franța (cf., loc. cît., p. 156, n. 5). 177 Loc. cît., p. 174; vezi, în acest sens, si p. 178-179. cu abilitate, a obținut, între altele, perpetuarea ocupării de către trupele engleze a insulei Malta. Astfel că, "the Maltese question hâd become the leit-motive of the French-British disagreement, and justified the breaking of the relations between the two powers"178. Războiul a reizbucnit, după cum se știe, la 22 mai 1803. În nouă fază, statele nordice aveau să fie, de asemenea, profund

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
nefiind dispusă la riscuri ce nu puteau fi controlate. Astfel că, la 26 octombrie 1814, Bernadotte a notificat oficial lui Edward Thornton, trimisul extraordinar și ministru plenipotențiar al Mării Britanii la Stockholm, "that the personal union between Sweden and Norway hâd been established" 288. În notă de răspuns, data în aceeași zi, ambasadorul englez a felicitat guvernul englez, cu prilejul acelui eveniment care, potrivit opiniei guvernului englez, exprimată de ambasadorul sau, "doit être le Garant le plus sûr du Bonheur et

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
Adolf, în vârstă, atunci, de 14 ani, care a domnit, până la 1 noiembrie 1796, sub regenta unchiului sau după tata, ducele Carol 16. În ceea ce privește poziția internațională a Suediei, așa cum s-a constatat, "the European storms of the next seventeen years hâd considerable influence of the history of Sweden", așa încât, până în anul 1804, "there was little contact between Sweden and the rest of Europe"17. Gustav al III-lea a declarat război Rusiei, în anul 1788, fără a se fi consultat, în

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
Prussia reconsidered their positions în the Germanic space. Considering the tension created at their western borders after the beginning of the French political crisis, the two Germanic rivals have concluded that it was necessary to build a juridical system which hâd to reduce the frictions between them at least and, în the same time, to be able to resist an extremely possible French aggression. This system was created by the Defensive Alliance Treaty signed by the Emperor Francisc ÎI and the

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
în the following lines. Among them, the seventh point stands ouț, by which the First Coalition against France was founded, which introduced, at its turn, the array of those with whom first the Republican and, after that, the Imperial France hâd to confront în the following two and a half decades. The main objective of the diplomacy's revolution was to avoid the loss to Austria or to Russia of the European provinces belonging to the Ottoman Empire. This would have

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
Ottoman Empire. This would have raised question even upon its existence aș a European power, which would draw a suite of negative consequences to the future European political system. This is the reason why the permanence of the Ottoman Empire hâd to be assured, only this was not șo much an objective per se, that is because this state could take on important assignments în the lobby for the French continental policy, and particularly for the oriental policy. For this very

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
to constitute the main front of the French politics towards Russia, its principal competitor for the supremacy în Eastern Europe. For this reason the constitution of a large alliance made around France, with the Ottoman Empire, Poland, Sweden and Denmark hâd become a constant în the French diplomacy. În the same context, the inclusion of Denmark în this projected alliance is worth mentioning: the reason resides în the necessity to avoid its integration în the Russian sphere of influence, în which

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
continental and oriental interests. Thus, the imperial ruling circles wanted to create and maintain the equilibrium of forces aș favourable aș possible for the House of Austria în Oriental Europe. În the last decennium of the 18th century such politics hâd no chance to be accomplished în the continental and regional realities. The French Revolution hâș fundamentally modified the structure of the European political system, the old allies becoming irrecon cilable enemies, while the "time-old enemies" became "conjectural allies". În this

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
essential change, visible în the embracement of the political and territorial status-quo principle for the Empire of the Austrian Habsburgs. This principle was established by the peace treaty concluded with the Ottoman Empire, at Sistow în August 1791. The situation hâd changed little în time, remaining the same even after the peace treaty of Campoformio, with France, was concluded, în October 1797. Sharing, with the latter, the overseas "heritage" of the former Republic of Venice, which disappeared on this occasion from

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
for them, în the perspective of the imminent political reconsideration of the European borders. Aș the military and political events evolved în a different direction than the one thought by the members of the League, în April 1801 this organism hâd already been dissolved. This didn't change the Russian position în the north of Europe, on the contrary, the convention between Russia and England from June 17th, 1801 confirmed the hegemony of the oriental empire over Sweden and Denmark. The

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
treaty, confirmed în December 4/15th, 1799, treaty which stands for a new approach between Russia and Sweden. Even more, aș a consequence of its declared hostility towards the French Revolution and its "inheritor", Napoleon Bonaparte, the king of Sweden hâd no hesitation to adhere, în 1805, to the third anti-French Coalition. This decision hâd an immediate effect: the deeper deterioration of the internațional status of Sweden. After the battle of Friedland în June 14, 1807, when the French armies defeated

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
between Russia and Sweden. Even more, aș a consequence of its declared hostility towards the French Revolution and its "inheritor", Napoleon Bonaparte, the king of Sweden hâd no hesitation to adhere, în 1805, to the third anti-French Coalition. This decision hâd an immediate effect: the deeper deterioration of the internațional status of Sweden. After the battle of Friedland în June 14, 1807, when the French armies defeated the Russian ones, the political landscape în northern Europe modified în disfavour of Russia

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
în June 14, 1807, when the French armies defeated the Russian ones, the political landscape în northern Europe modified în disfavour of Russia. Trying to save aș much aș possible from its interests în Northern, Central and Oriental Europe, Russia hâd to abandon, în compliance with the stipulations of the Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty concluded with France, signed at Tilsit on July 7th, 1807, Britain and Sweden, the two allies that did not abandon it after Austerlitz, like Austria did

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
Decree, from November 21st, 1806, the emperor of France rewarded Russia with diplomatic support în the matter of taking from the Ottoman Empire its European provinces, wanted for centuries by Moscow, except Constantinople and Rumelia, which, în the French vision, hâd to belong to the Ottomans for the sole purpose of accomplishing the oriental projects of France. At the same time, it puț pressure on the tsar, determining Alexander I to invade Finland, în February 1808, territory annexed în March. The

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
afterwards, with the Convention of August 14th, 1814, signed by Norway itself, after failing to oppose the annexation. The final solution, în terms of jus publicum europaeum, came with the Congress of Vienna, ending an issue that, through its history, hâd implications în the Eastern Question. Therefore, the political conjuncture în Northern Europe was under the Russian control. Among its rivals în the circle of the Great Powers, that raised doubt about the leadership not only of the political system în

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
în the fifth article of the Peace and Friendship Treaty with Russia, signed în Tilsit on July 7th, 1807, with the mark of the fluctuations în the continental and oriental policy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Relative to the Polish issue, Russia hâd won the fight, imposing its "resolution" în the final documents of the Congress of Vienna. The French political progresses on the continent made Britain pay more attention to the situation în the Baltic Șea. Therefore, it made efforts to get

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
the third anti-French coalition. The Coalition's flaws, determined by the context and the juridical forms of its constitution, appeared when the famous Austerlitz battle took place, during December 2nd 1805, aș well aș the following continental events. Although it hâd won the battle of Trafalgar, Great Britain could now discover new meaning în the political evolution în Northern Europe. Even after neutralizing Denmark, by capturing its fleet, în July 1807, another important issue remained unsolved, the one relative to the

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
and, preferably, Denmark were invited to join the presumptive coalition, being expected that they would facilitate the contacts between the two great powers. Aș the Norway problem constituted an insurmountable problem between the two Scandinavian states, Castlereagh understood that he hâd to choose only one of them for the great anti-French alliance. The political and military events that occurred during the confrontation with the Napoleonian France solved this dilemma, and, on the 3rd of March 1813 an alliance treaty was signed

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
present în the events în Northern Europe or to take part to the Eastern Question, în the last case by comparison with the times preceding the peace concluded at Sistow, în 1791. Overwhelmed by the military power of France, Austria hâd to continue to resist also to the competition of Prussia for dominance over the Germanic space. France ruled this competition în reality, not în favour of one or another of the two states, but following its own interests. Only after

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
way the Prussians wished. Besides, the political situation în the Central and Northern Europe did not unite the Prussian interests here with those of the other two Great Powers, France and Russia. This is the reason why these two states hâd no scruples to decide în a matter more than sensitive for Prussia not only without its knowledge and participation, but, more than that, to the detriment of Prussian interests. This matter is represented by the Polish issue, settled în the

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
în the well-known terms în the Peace and Friendship Treaty signed by France and Russia at Tilsit, on the 7th of July 1807. Nevertheless, after the disastrous campaign of the Great Amy în Russia în the autumn of year 1812 hâd set a new direction, and the course of the military and political events that were to come involved Prussia too, în the most important steps of building a new European order, established by the Congress of Vienna. III. Swedish political

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
of Poland, established by the agreement made with Russia, on January 23rd, 1793, leading to the occurrence of a new community of Russian-Prussian interests în North-Eastern Europe. This new situation was also influenced by the obvious interests that Great Britain hâd în Russia. Both of them hâd direct implications on the Eastern Question, and both of them contributed to the consolidation of Russia on its positions în the European orient. În the described context Russia could enable sending a frigate through

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]
made with Russia, on January 23rd, 1793, leading to the occurrence of a new community of Russian-Prussian interests în North-Eastern Europe. This new situation was also influenced by the obvious interests that Great Britain hâd în Russia. Both of them hâd direct implications on the Eastern Question, and both of them contributed to the consolidation of Russia on its positions în the European orient. În the described context Russia could enable sending a frigate through the straits of Dardanelles, în the

[Corola-publishinghouse/Science/1555_a_2853]