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Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416

stated before, represented different rites, ethnic groups and missionary orders. Even if they did not succeed to found some functional unitary national organisms for managing and developing the catholic press in Romania there were registered several attempts in this respect, some with a regional character, others within the diocese, some of them being representative for the missionary orders, others for the unit rite. Therefore, they brought a significant contribution to the Christians' cultural development, to the defense of the Catholic Church

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
orders. Even if they did not succeed to found some functional unitary national organisms for managing and developing the catholic press in Romania there were registered several attempts in this respect, some with a regional character, others within the diocese, some of them being representative for the missionary orders, others for the unit rite. Therefore, they brought a significant contribution to the Christians' cultural development, to the defense of the Catholic Church in our country and to the spreading of the

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
catholic publications in our country and those from countries where the catholic confession is a minority, etc. The creation of the catholic press in Romania took place at the beginning of the 20th century thanks to the personal initiatives of some priests returned in the country after they studied in the West (Italy, Germany). Consequently, they followed the example of some catholic publications from the countries mentioned above and they published several catholic magazines (their theme being strictly religious, with cultural

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
the catholic press in Romania took place at the beginning of the 20th century thanks to the personal initiatives of some priests returned in the country after they studied in the West (Italy, Germany). Consequently, they followed the example of some catholic publications from the countries mentioned above and they published several catholic magazines (their theme being strictly religious, with cultural and social information but almost no politics). The Old Kingdom had not a tradition of the Romanian catholic press. In

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
being strictly religious, with cultural and social information but almost no politics). The Old Kingdom had not a tradition of the Romanian catholic press. In Transylvania, the struggle for national unity combined with that for the units' confessional freedom developed some publications and created a tradition of the Greek Catholic press even from the end of the 19th century (these printings main feature being not the religious one, but the membership of the intellectual and political elite from Transylvania to the

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
political elite from Transylvania to the unit rite, supporting Romanians' fight for unification). Therefore, the development of the catholic press in Romania did not follow a good plan or the initiative of the church's hierarchy. It was realized from some priests' personal initiatives (that were approved and encouraged by the bishops) following an important western model. Whereas the western catholic countries where in the process of development of the religious press (which had an important political component that Romania lacked

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
and the Vatican. It is true that existed more attempts and actions to unify the catholic press (and once with it the Romanian Catholicism): creating a daily paper in the capital of our country representative for all the Catholics, creating some nation associations of press, a unitary participation at international events in the communication field organized by the Vatican. Nonetheless, the Romanian hierarchs kept their different visions over the evolution and the development of the press and of the Romanian Catholicism

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
development of the press and of the Romanian Catholicism and they did not manage to exceed their personal pride. The direct intervention of the Vatican managed to change this reality only for a short period of time and only for some precise events. A good example in this respect is the daily paper Albina appeared at the Vatican's clear disposition (the mobilization of the hierarchs in Romania was determined by the Nuncio in Bucharest) financed for three years only by

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
years because of the misunderstandings between the units and the Latin regarding its management and evolution. Except for the above mentioned newspaper, the majority of the Roman Catholic publications in Romania had a religious theme, without treating political topics like some unit publications where the two elements were mixed together. This book relies on the analysis of the catholic printings in the diocese of Bucharest and Iasi, in the social-political context in the first half of the 20th century. The wish

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
to the fact that there were more unfinished projects for a catholic daily paper in the capital of our country to represent all the Catholics from Romania. In addition, there were not created any national media institutions. The settlement of some institutions like The Institute "Presa Bună" from Iasi (and others) represented sporadic accomplishments as far as the development of the catholic press in Romania is concerned. However, they did not manage to exceed the confessional barrier, treating only classical religious

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
represented sporadic accomplishments as far as the development of the catholic press in Romania is concerned. However, they did not manage to exceed the confessional barrier, treating only classical religious themes, without writing about political topics (although the Vatican wanted some newspapers that could treat social-political themes in order to create a catholic political force in Romania that could address to the whole Romanian society). The unification of the catholic press in Romania failed from several causes among which the misunderstandings

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
to the situation in Romania and supported it in various manners. Its participation at international events (organized by the Holy See) in the field of communication like The World Congress and Exhibition of the catholic press proved the existence of some shortages: the lack of unity of the catholic Romanian press, its modest representation, the small number of publications, the lack of some specialists, the precarious funding and the lack of national organisms in comparison with other western states and the

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
the field of communication like The World Congress and Exhibition of the catholic press proved the existence of some shortages: the lack of unity of the catholic Romanian press, its modest representation, the small number of publications, the lack of some specialists, the precarious funding and the lack of national organisms in comparison with other western states and the neighbor states like Poland and Hungary (the conclusions drawn by the agents of the Romanian catholic press at these events). Considering the

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
whole world, no matter of the country, language and nationality. This fact was also proved by the organization of events such as The World Exhibition of the Catholic Press, The World Congress of the Catholic Press, by the creation of some institutions whose role was to reunite the press activity (Annex 32 and Annex 43; ASV, Fondul Archivio della Nunziatura Apostolica in Romania 1920-1933, busta 19, fascicolo 59, ff. 690-710). 1032 Silvia Grosu, "Valențele presei clericale din Basarabia (1918-1940)", in Studii

Catolicii în spaţiul public. Presa catolică din România în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea by Iulian Ghercă [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/908_a_2416]
Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450

seen as copies of the Cosmic genesis, in a theogonic and anthropogenic way, symbols of natural and human fertility expressing feminity through sexuality, maternity, maternal, paternal, filial, erotic exclusive, erotic selective or multiple love. The sacred courtesans are servants of some Goddesses in temples offering sexual services to humble people, in hierogamic and sacred unifications between a male and female divine force pattern. Some examples are: ishtarishtu (Ishtar goddess priests), quadeshtu (Quadeshtu goddess priests), and devadasis, in India, hierodules in Greece

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
maternity, maternal, paternal, filial, erotic exclusive, erotic selective or multiple love. The sacred courtesans are servants of some Goddesses in temples offering sexual services to humble people, in hierogamic and sacred unifications between a male and female divine force pattern. Some examples are: ishtarishtu (Ishtar goddess priests), quadeshtu (Quadeshtu goddess priests), and devadasis, in India, hierodules in Greece, Bacchantes and Maenads in Rome. Following this pattern, Christian and non Christian dissenters such as Sabatini (with Jewish people), Adami, bogomils, castrated, etc.

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
this pattern, Christian and non Christian dissenters such as Sabatini (with Jewish people), Adami, bogomils, castrated, etc. with Christians practiced multiple sexual relations in orgiastic processions. The real courtesans are part of a special social category, which existed only in some periods of history, in some cultures but with an unknown statute. These are hetaerist from the Greeks, ganika from the Hindu people, hua (girls-flowers) from the Chinese people, meretrices and meretriculae from the Romans, geisha from the Japanese people as

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
Christian dissenters such as Sabatini (with Jewish people), Adami, bogomils, castrated, etc. with Christians practiced multiple sexual relations in orgiastic processions. The real courtesans are part of a special social category, which existed only in some periods of history, in some cultures but with an unknown statute. These are hetaerist from the Greeks, ganika from the Hindu people, hua (girls-flowers) from the Chinese people, meretrices and meretriculae from the Romans, geisha from the Japanese people as well as mistresses of rich

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
real-historical and literary fictions courtesans and courtesans-like behaviour, reason offered by female goddesses, exclusively or by sacred unions (hierogamies) with male gods implied in cosmogony (Universe creation), theogonic birth and development of divinities), anthropogony (birth and evolution of human being). Some female divinities represent symbols of Earth fertility, maternal fertility, love, voluptuousness as well, and they master the sacred prostitutes in temples, sacred models for courtesans and courtesans-like. This mythological reason is exemplified by some goddesses: Inanna, Ishtar, Astarte, Hathor, Lakshmi

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
birth and evolution of human being). Some female divinities represent symbols of Earth fertility, maternal fertility, love, voluptuousness as well, and they master the sacred prostitutes in temples, sacred models for courtesans and courtesans-like. This mythological reason is exemplified by some goddesses: Inanna, Ishtar, Astarte, Hathor, Lakshmi, Mylitta, Anahita, Lilith, Nü Wa, Aphrodite, Venus, Bendis, Drăgaicele, Ama no Uzume, Frigg etc. and they are symbols of erotic behaviour and conducts in different mythologies: Sumero-Babylonean, Egyptian, Hindu, Semitic, Iranian, Chinese, Greek, Roman

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
seduction power, sex-appeal, talents and give value to their attractiveness for conquering men with important social position, to be desired by them and to influence them to make decisions in their own benefit. Due to their charm and seduction power some courtesans entered history and marked the life of souverans, noblemen, bankers, scholars and gave colour to the political and cultural life of the society of that time. They attracted, conquered and fascinated with their beauty, sensuality, smartness, intelligence, true art

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
the life of souverans, noblemen, bankers, scholars and gave colour to the political and cultural life of the society of that time. They attracted, conquered and fascinated with their beauty, sensuality, smartness, intelligence, true art of dialogue and refined love. Some were shocked with their fickleness, extravagance, opulence, greed, prodigality and cruelty. They were very strong in their apparent weakness. The courtesans (and courtesans-like) generated favourable situations for themselves as well as their followers and influenced political decisions. Able to express

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
framework at the imperial, royal and noble courts. They always had a positive influence on the physical, psychical and spiritual equilibrium of the most influential people, smoothed their failures and disappointments, and well compensated the affective-erotic routine from their families Some went further and decisively implied in political decisions (by request or not), and sometimes substituted the souverans' will in obtaining political, economic and cultural initiatives. The courtesans were beautiful, sensual, smart, ambitious and cultivated. They were both admired and respected

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
their successes. Their life was often with luxuries, born titles, accumulated luxuries, won thrones as well as havingthem offered to their relatives, dominated the political life and favoured the close ones, offered charitable help for spiritual and cultural reasons, and some were remarkable spies. Some of them died as goddesses (in ancient times), as models for their followers, some were beloved and eternally admired by artists, while others retired in monasteries and died forgotten. With few exceptions, most of them were

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]
was often with luxuries, born titles, accumulated luxuries, won thrones as well as havingthem offered to their relatives, dominated the political life and favoured the close ones, offered charitable help for spiritual and cultural reasons, and some were remarkable spies. Some of them died as goddesses (in ancient times), as models for their followers, some were beloved and eternally admired by artists, while others retired in monasteries and died forgotten. With few exceptions, most of them were unhappy, although brightened for

Curtezane şi pseudocurtezane: în mitologie, istorie, literatură by Elena Macavei [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/942_a_2450]