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another imputation, C. Poghirc would state (în the above mentioned monograph) that he did not show any criticism to Hașdeu, în virtue of the fact that he wanted to select "only those great ideas and ingenuous methods, which, even today, more than half a century later, still prove to be just and fruitful" (ibid.). 0.3. It is this very "just and fruitful" idea which C. Poghirc could not have observed 45 years ago that I intend to deal with în
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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could not have observed 45 years ago that I intend to deal with în this exegetic material. It is about Hasdeu's proposal regarding the institution of a linguistic science, namely noematology, a proposal which anticipates another scientific project, a more recent one, skeology, which belongs to Eugenio Coseriu, another Romanian genius. Aș it usually happens în this kind of research (and mainly because Coseriu's theory is only partially known în România), we should proceed în a different way: we
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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for each different case, "what is given by the contents of language aș such and what is owed, on the other hand, to the experience regarding the extra-linguistic world" (Coseriu 1970: 189). What does this "knowledge of things" relate to more exactly? Coseriu offers some clarifications: it does not refer here to "the occasional and situațional knowledge of the states of things", but to "the knowledge of things at a universal level true or at least common to many speakers (and
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general de las cosaș" (Coseriu 1970: 203-204)2. 2. Let uș see, at this point, what can be found from the above mentioned ideas at Coseriu's forerunner. However, în order to apprehend Hasdeu's ideas correctly, I must present, more or less briefly, the whole context where they are found. They are exposed în an article (published by Hașdeu în 1882), entitled Un nou punct de vedere asupra ramificațiunilor gramaticei comparative [A new perspective on the branches of comparative grammar
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the borders and their reciprocal relations" (ibid.: 22). 2.2. Consequently, after having presented different suggestions (of linguists such aș Schleicher, Pott, Haase, Baudouin de Courtenay, Heyse, Steinthal, etc.) which he critically analyzed regarding the division of pure linguistics în more or less branches, Hașdeu operates în the second part of his article his own distinctions within this science. He thus obtains three branches: (1) "Glottics, or positive linguistics, or comparative grammar"; (2) "Glossology, or transcendental linguistics, or the philosophy of
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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long sentence may sound like one word; it is this very fact that demonstrates better the original identity between morphology and syntax on the one hand, and between semasiology and noematology on the other hand. Once the parțial condensation is more or less realized and the vocabulary of a language formed, there is still one uncondensed portion left: syntax and noematology, which preserves a permanent external action on the crystalized elements; while the role of syntax is to connect the points
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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between the points x-a, b-c, d-e, f-y. Since both noematology and syntax operate from the exterior, from the fluid sphere, both of them tend to be mixed, hence the vague element of implication is better demonstrated by the more suggestive element of the sentence" (ibid.: 29-30). 2.3.3. În accordance with the same criteria and principles, Hașdeu adds to the six sciences mentioned above onomatology, which, în his opinion, should deal with proper nouns 7. În any case
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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above onomatology, which, în his opinion, should deal with proper nouns 7. În any case, at the end of his article, the Romanian scholar is în the position to make another diagram, în which the linguistic sciences previously delimited are more clearly placed (according to either the physical or psychical factor). I have not intended here to assess the accuracy of this. However, I have remarked that Hasdeu's effort for coherence and unitary systematization is highly admirable even to this
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through "latent ideas" actually works. Bréal simply states that "l'esprit pénètre la matière du langage et en remplit jusqu'aux vides et aux interstices" (ibid.: 322). 3.2. Nevertheless, Bréal does not conclude the respective article before underlining two more important aspects, namely (α) the fact that languages can also differ through what they "imply" (or through what Coseriu later called saber idiomático extralingüístico) and (β) that the most elevated mission of comparative philology is to facilitate the understanding of
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not a natural science, even if it uses a biological method, just aș it is not a mathematical science, în spițe of the fact that it often resorts to algebrical formulae, with plus, with equation, with proportion, etc., what is more, it is not even scared of the sign √"2. 1.1. Indeed, Hașdeu hâd already remarked that "the comparative method is specific to natural sciences, but that does not mean that a science, which uses it, would be a natural
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the sign √"2. 1.1. Indeed, Hașdeu hâd already remarked that "the comparative method is specific to natural sciences, but that does not mean that a science, which uses it, would be a natural science eo ipso. All sciences tend, more or less, to appropriate this method to themselves, even if not all sciences manage to do it to the same extent. It is the object, by all means a well determined object, not the method that constitutes the nature of
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think that it is better sometimes to sacrifice a șo called "originality" that would mean simply paraphrasing the thoughts of these thinkers rather than deprive readers of the benefit they would get from direct contact with authentic texts. What is more, by the respective quotations (which can also serve aș "food for thought"), I would like to draw attention on some aspects which are usually too easily forgotten or ignored. 3. Culture aș Part (and Extension) of Nature (Different Points of
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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would like to draw attention on some aspects which are usually too easily forgotten or ignored. 3. Culture aș Part (and Extension) of Nature (Different Points of View) The fact that în contemporary linguistics there is (and it is becoming more and more popular) the tendency to give (only) causal explanations to linguistic phenomena should not be too surprising (but even if it does not astonish uș, that does not mean we have to accept such a conception). În the history
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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to draw attention on some aspects which are usually too easily forgotten or ignored. 3. Culture aș Part (and Extension) of Nature (Different Points of View) The fact that în contemporary linguistics there is (and it is becoming more and more popular) the tendency to give (only) causal explanations to linguistic phenomena should not be too surprising (but even if it does not astonish uș, that does not mean we have to accept such a conception). În the history of philosophy
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]
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period of time, mân was taken aș a measure of all things. "Humanity" thus extended into nature, even if it only meant naïve explanation of the latter by means of mythology (i.e. natural objects were seen aș cultural objects), or more serious attempts to explain the birth and becoming of nature on a philosophical basis, attempts which are justified from a rațional point of view. For instance, Aristotle was said to have proceeded "anthropomorphically": "He hâd set ouț from the purposeful
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a rațional point of view. For instance, Aristotle was said to have proceeded "anthropomorphically": "He hâd set ouț from the purposeful action of mân and hâd read this into the whole of nature" (Cassirer 1942/2000: 91)6. What is more, later "Hegel's aspiration and philosophical ambition was to reconcile "nature" and "idea". But instead of this reconciliation he arrives at the subjugation of nature to the absolute idea" (ibid.: 35). 3.2. În time, a totally different conception is
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from his own world. The fact that Charles Darwin proved that mân is nothing but a developed ape highly stimulated such approaches. Consequently, mân himself is subject, în all respects, to the laws of nature, while his behavior, even if more complex, does not differ essentially from that of other organisms. 3.2.1. În this sense, J. von Uexküll demonstrated that "every organism presents a self-enclosed world în which everything "weaves itself into the whole". The organism is no aggregate
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microstructure of physiological behavior but also wholesale features of human sociocultural interactions. By this account, agents should be motivated to solve problems independently of whether or not they have minds" (ibid.: 141). 3.2.3. În this context, some other more complex modern theories are worth mentioning, since they strive to explain the becoming of the whole world în a systematic, coherent and unitary way, which reminds uș of Plato and Aristotle. În the last chapter of his extraordinary book, The
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his cosmology (developed în the book Process and Reality [1929]), Whitehead starts by being Platonic, but, în time, he becomes an Aristotelian (even if he did not read Aristotle's Metaphysics!). Collingwood manifests deep admiration for Whitehead: "No one hâș more vividly realized and described the resemblances, the fundamental continuity, running all through the world of nature, from its most rudimentary forms în the electron and proton and the rest of them to its highest development known to uș în the
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demonstrated by J. von Uexküll, Ernst Cassirer adds that "the "receptor world" and the "effector world" of animals acquire something new în the human sphere: they are joined by an "image world"; and it is this image world that gains more and more power over mân aș it develops" (Cassirer 1942/2000: 26). În this way, the German philosopher points ouț a distinctive feature of mân aș contrasted with the rest of the biological world: "Uexküll once said that the blueprint
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J. von Uexküll, Ernst Cassirer adds that "the "receptor world" and the "effector world" of animals acquire something new în the human sphere: they are joined by an "image world"; and it is this image world that gains more and more power over mân aș it develops" (Cassirer 1942/2000: 26). În this way, the German philosopher points ouț a distinctive feature of mân aș contrasted with the rest of the biological world: "Uexküll once said that the blueprint of each
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not exist beyond our consciousness); c) cultural objects, în whose existence it is the form that is the most important, but only în connection with substance, that means form chooses the most appropriate substance (F→S). În order to be more exact, we have to mention that the classification belongs to the Stagirite, but it is Coseriu that justified it în depth. He was mainly interested în the specific features of cultural objects, including language (see Coșeriu 1994b: 8, 23). 4
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can be anything (according to Hjelmslev), Coseriu proved (starting with 1954, în Formă y sustancia en los sonidos del lenguaje) that sounds are not chosen at random. The same is true for discourses, even if we are situated at a more complex level. For example, we could consider styles aș substances (or expressions) previously formed which speakers have at their disposal, not at all by chance, according to their communication necessities. This is how Coseriu's ideas, mentioned în a footnote
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be called "sciences"15. Some time ago (în 1865), Claude Bernard, the French physiologist, was convinced that there is no difference between the principles of biological sciences and those of physics and chemistry (cf. Flonta 2010: 276). However, things are more complicated than they seem to be. 6.1. Mircea Flonta, highly interested în the philosophy of biology, states that "the thesis of the methodological unity of natural sciences will be well defended aș long aș sciences such aș biophysics, biochemistry
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now hâș stood between them. The science of culture can immerse itself în the study of its own forms, its own structures and formations [Gestalten] with greater freedom and ease than before, aș the other fields of knowledge have become more attentive to their own particular problems of form." (Cassirer 1942/2000: 96). 7. By Way of Conclusion The fact that the forms of culture are internal forms of consciousness is undeniable. Language is lógos semantikós (according to Aristotle), while the
Studii de ştiinţa limbii by Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu () [Corola-publishinghouse/Science/896_a_2404]